Data-Flow Diagramming
Controlling Data Integrity 296
Designing Physical Tables 297
Arranging Table Rows 299
Designing Controls for Files 303
xiv Contents
Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 304
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore: Designing Databases 306
Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 307
Key Points Review 309 Key Terms Checkpoint 311 Review Questions 312 Problems and Exercises 312 Discussion Questions 314 Case Problems 314 Case: Petrie’s Electronics 315
PART V SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION 318
Chapter 10 Systems Implementation and Operation 318 Systems Implementation and Operation 320
The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation 321
Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation 321
The Processes of Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 322
Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 323
The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 323
Deliverables and Outcomes from Maintaining Information Systems 324
Software Application Testing 325
Seven Different Types of Tests 325
The Testing Process 327
Acceptance Testing by Users 329
Installation 330
Planning Installation 330
Documenting the System 333
User Documentation 334
Preparing User Documentation 335
Training and Supporting Users 336
Training Information System Users 336
Supporting Information System Users 338
Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider 340
Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 341
Project Closedown 342
Conducting Systems Maintenance 343
Types of Maintenance 343
The Cost of Maintenance 344
Contents xv
xvi Contents
Measuring Maintenance Effectiveness 345
Controlling Maintenance Requests 346
Configuration Management 347
Role of Automated Development Tools in Maintenance 348
Web Site Maintenance 348
Maintaining an Information System at Pine Valley Furniture 349
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore: Systems Implementation and Operation 350
Systems Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 351
Key Points Review 353 Key Terms Checkpoint 354 Review Questions 356 Problems and Exercises 356 Discussion Questions 357 Case Problems 357 Case: Petrie’s Electronics 358
Appendix A Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 361 The Object-Oriented Modeling Approach 361
Use-Case Modeling 362
Object Modeling: Class Diagrams 365
Representing Associations 366
Representing Generalization 368
Representing Aggregation 370
Dynamic Modeling: State Diagrams 371
Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 372
Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 374
Moving to Design 375
Key Points Review 376 Key Terms Checkpoint 377 Review Questions 378 Problems and Exercises 378
Appendix B Agile Methodologies 381 The Trend to Agile Methodologies 381
Agile Methodologies 382
eXtreme Programming 384
The Heart of the Systems Development Process 385
Requirements Determination 386
Design Specifications 389
Implementation 391
What We’ve Learned about Agile Methodologies 391
Key Points Review 392 Key Terms Checkpoint 393 Review Questions 393 Problems and Exercises 393
References 395 Glossary of Acronyms 401 Glossary of Terms 403 Index 409
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Preface
Our Approach In today’s information- and technology-driven business world, students need to be aware of three key factors. First, it is more crucial than ever to know how to organize and access information strategically. Second, success often depends on the ability to work as part of a team. Third, the Internet will play an impor- tant part in their work lives. Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition, addresses these key factors.
More than 50 years’ combined teaching experience in systems analysis and design have gone into creating Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition, a text that emphasizes hands-on, experimental learning. We pro- vide a clear presentation of the concepts, skills, and techniques students need to become effective systems analysts who work with others to create informa- tion systems for businesses. We use the systems development life cycle model as an organizing tool throughout the book to provide a strong conceptual and systematic framework.
Internet coverage is provided in each chapter via an integrated, extended illustrative case (Pine Valley Furniture WebStore) and an end-of-chapter case (Petrie’s Electronics).
Many systems analysis and design courses involve lab work and outside read- ing. Lecture time can be limited. Based on market research and our own teach- ing experience, we understand the need for a book that combines depth of coverage with brevity. So we have created a ten-chapter book that covers key systems analysis and design content without overwhelming students with unnecessary detail.
New to the Fifth Edition The following features are new to the Fifth Edition:
� Emphasis on current changes in systems analysis and design. The move to structured analysis and design in the late 1970s was considered to be a revolution in systems development. We are undergoing another revolution now, as we move away from complex, plan-driven development to new approaches called “Agile Methodologies.” Although the best-known Agile Methodology is eXtreme Programming, many other approaches are also available. The Agile revolution in systems development is acknowledged and briefly explained in Chapter 1 and then explored in much greater depth in Appendix B.
� Increased focus on make versus buy and systems integration. More and more systems development involves the use of packages in combination with legacy applications and new modules. Coverage of the make-versus-buy decision and of the multiple sources of software and software components is highlighted in Chapter 2 to show how companies deal with these issues.
� New end-of-chapter running case. Petrie’s Electronics, a fictional electronics retailer, is a student project case that allows students to study and develop a Web-based customer loyalty program to enhance a customer relationship management system.
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� Updated illustrations of technology. Screen captures have been updated throughout the text to show examples using the latest versions of programming and Internet development environments, and user interface designs.
� New entity-relationship notation. We now use a new notation for entity-relationship diagramming in Chapter 7 and elsewhere. This notation is consistent with that used in Modern Database Management, Tenth Edition, by Hoffer, Ramesh, and Topi (2011).
� Updated content. Throughout the book, the content in each chapter has been updated where appropriate.
� End-of-chapter updates. We have provided extensive updates to existing problems along with several new problems in every chapter.
Themes Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition, is characterized by the following themes:
� Systems development is firmly rooted in an organizational context. The successful systems analyst requires a broad understanding of organizations, organizational culture, and operations.
� Systems development is a practical field. Coverage of current practices as well as accepted concepts and principles is essential for today’s systems analyst.
� Systems development is a profession. The text presents standards of practice, and fosters a sense of continuing personal development, ethics, and a respect for and collaboration with the work of others.
� Systems development has significantly changed with the explosive growth in databases, data-driven architecture for systems, and the Internet. Systems development and database management can be taught in a highly coordinated fashion. The Internet has rapidly become a common development platform for database-driven electronic commerce systems.
� Success in systems analysis and design requires not only skills in methodologies and techniques, but also in the management of time, resources, and risks. Learning systems analysis and design requires a thorough understanding of the process as well as the techniques and deliverables of the profession.
Given these themes, the text emphasizes these approaches:
� A business rather than a technology perspective
� The role, responsibilities, and mind-set of the systems analyst as well as the systems project manager, rather than those of the programmer or business manager
� The methods and principles of systems development rather than the specific tools or tool-related skills of the field
Audience The book assumes that students have taken an introductory course on com- puter systems and have experience writing programs in at least one program- ming language. We review basic system principles for those students who have
xx Preface
not been exposed to the material on which systems development methods are based. We also assume that students have a solid background in computing lit- eracy and a general understanding of the core elements of a business, including basic terms associated with the production, marketing, finance, and accounting functions.
Organization The outline of the book follows the systems development life cycle:
� Part I, “Foundations for Systems Development,” gives an overview of systems development and previews the remainder of the book.
� Part II, “Systems Planning and Selection,” covers how to assess project feasibility and build the baseline project plan.
� Part III, “Systems Analysis,” covers determining system requirements, process modeling, and conceptual data modeling.
� Part IV, “Systems Design,” covers how to design the human interface and databases.
� Part V, “Systems Implementation and Operation,” covers system implementation, operation, closedown, and system maintenance.
� Appendix A, “Object-Oriented Analysis and Design,” and Appendix B, “Agile Methodologies,” can be skipped or treated as advanced topics at the end of the course.
Distinctive Features Here are some of the distinctive features of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition:
The grounding of systems development in the typical architecture for systems in modern organizations, including database management and Web-based systems.
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